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Authors
Li, Zheng
Wang, Xinghua
Zhang, Kejun
Zheng, Tian
Zhou, Jianhua
Alsudais, Taghreed Ali
Zhi, Xiaotong
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Education Sciences "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan" (BIA200204)
Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project (PNURSP2025R579)
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Article History
Received: 15 October 2024
Accepted: 15 May 2025
First Online: 3 July 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Qingdao University (ID: QDU-HEC-2023267) in December 2023. All research was performed in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant national guidelines. This IRB approval was limited to data collection through surveys and interviews.
: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants before the survey administration in 2024. The consent detailed the necessity and scope of the survey study, data usage (academic use only), and consent to publish. All participants were fully informed of their anonymity, that their participation was voluntary, that all information collected during this study were kept confidential and stored securely.
