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Authors
Liu, Huizheng
Jafri, Muhammad Afaq Haider
Xu, Shuo
Shahzad, Muhammad Farrukh https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6578-4139
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Article History
Received: 11 October 2023
Accepted: 19 May 2025
First Online: 16 June 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The Ethics Committee of Beijing University of Technology, China, approved this study under financial project [No. 24JCB028] on 9 January 2023. All processes and procedures followed in this research align with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki (1964).
: In February 2023, informed consent was obtained from all participants in this study. As per national regulations and institutional guidelines, written consent was not required. Participants were asked to complete an online consent form, which explained that (a) their personal information would remain confidential, and (b) the data collected would be used solely for academic research purposes and not for any commercial activities. By clicking the “agree and continue” button, participants confirmed their consent and gained access to the questionnaires.
