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Article History

Received: 11 April 2024

Accepted: 19 May 2025

First Online: 29 May 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: All procedures performed in this study adhere to the ethical standards of the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the Faculty of Hospitality and Tourism Management at Macau University of Science and Technology confirmed the exemption.Specifically, this research did not collect any traceable data from respondents, and respondents’ personal identify or personal data cannot be identified. Therefore, this study was reviewed and granted exemption from ethical approval by the Institutional Review Board of Faculty of Hospitality and Tourism Management at Macau University of Science and Technology on August 28, 2023.(no.MUST- FHTM -2023-0133).

: We performed all questionnaires involved in this study from November 9, 2024 to November 19, 2024 via the online survey platform Tencent Informed consent was obtained through a confirmation question embedded at the beginning of the online questionnaire.On the first page of every online survey, we informed participants about the study’s purpose, the scope of data usage, the confidentiality and anonymity of the information offered, and the voluntary of their participation. Participants were required to read this information and confirm their consent before they were allowed to proceed with the survey. Therefore, the data for this study was obtained with the consent of the participants. Specifically, participants were assured that their anonymity and confidentiality would be strictly protected, with no personally identifiable information collected. At the same time. we informed all participants that their responses would be used solely for academic purposes, and that the dataset would be strictly handled and stored by the authors, without any risk involved. Participants were fully informed that participation was entirely voluntary. The consent covered participation in the study, use of collected data for research purposes.Furthermore, this study did not recruit any vulnerable individuals or minors. This study involved no interventions and therefore posed no risk to participants.