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Article History

First Online: 25 May 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study received initial ethical clearance from the Teaching Reform Review Board of Undergraduate Education at Jilin University on 25 August 2023. Subsequently, it underwent a more comprehensive review and received formal approval from the Jilin University Ethics Committee on 24 November 2023. The ethical approval was granted under the research project identifier No. 2023XZD007, with all documentation properly recorded and archived. All research procedures adhered strictly to the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki, ensuring the protection of participants’ rights, well-being, and privacy throughout the study.

: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. Data collection, including the active acquisition of consent at the point of survey participation, took place from April to July 2024. Before accessing the questionnaire, participants were presented with a detailed information sheet explaining the study’s aims, procedures, and voluntary nature. The consent form required explicit acknowledgement prior to survey access, emphasising that participation was entirely voluntary, withdrawal was permitted at any point before submission, and all responses would remain anonymous and confidential. Participants were assured that data would be used solely for academic research, with findings reported in aggregated form, and that any voluntarily provided email addresses would be used exclusively for expressing gratitude or addressing feedback. By proceeding, participants confirmed their understanding and consent for participation, data use, and the publication of anonymised results. The study involved no foreseeable risks to the participants.