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Authors
Bai, Shizhen
He, Hao
Li, Ye
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Social Science Fund of China (23BJY151)
Key Project of Graduate Research Innovation Project of Harbin University of Commerce (YJSCX2024-801HSD)
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Article History
Received: 22 October 2024
Accepted: 22 May 2025
First Online: 2 June 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study, primary conducted at the School of Management, Harbin University of Commerce, utilized simulated data generated through computational modeling and simulation techniques. The data used in this research are entirely artificial and do not involve human participants, personal information, or any identifiable data. Given that no real-world human subjects or sensitive data were involved, ethical approval was not required for this study according to local and national regulations regarding research ethics. All procedures followed in this study adhere to general ethical standards for research involving simulated data.
: This study utilized simulated data generated through computational modeling and simulation techniques, which means that no human participants were involved, and no personal or identifiable data were used. Given the nature of the research relying solely on artificially created data rather than real-world human subjects, obtaining informed consent was not applicable. According to local and national regulations concerning research ethics in China, studies that do not involve human participants or their data are exempt from requiring informed consent. Therefore, for this study no informed consent was sought or required.
