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Article History

Received: 17 October 2024

Accepted: 22 May 2025

First Online: 3 June 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study received ethical approval from the University of Sheffield’s Information School Ethics Review Committee (Reference Number: 049528). Approval was granted on 08/11/2022, following the review of the submitted research ethics application (Form submission date: 04/11/2022), participant information sheet (26/10/2022), and participant consent form (29/09/2022). The research was conducted in accordance with the University’s Research Ethics Policy and Good Research & Innovation Practices Policy. All personal data collected during the project adhered to relevant legal and regulatory guidelines. All procedures performed in this study involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

: Participation in this study was entirely voluntary and posed no known physical, emotional, or psychological risks. Electronic informed consent was obtained from all participants between August 3 and August 27, 2023, after providing them with a clear explanation of the research purpose, procedures, participant tasks, data confidentiality, and their right to withdraw at any time without penalty. All participants explicitly confirmed their consent before beginning the questionnaire.