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Article History

Received: 13 December 2024

Accepted: 22 May 2025

First Online: 11 June 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, and received ethical approval from the University of Finance - Marketing (UFM) ethics committee, with ethical approval reference number 393/HĐ-ĐHTCM, dated May 30, 2024. The UFM committee reviewed and approved the study protocol, involving research design and methods, participant eligibility criteria, data collection and privacy protection, and informed consent. All online questionnaires were obtained by considering the respondents’ informed consent, and all respondents completed them voluntarily and anonymously.

: The questionnaire used in this study was preceded by an informed consent statement in which respondents were provided with detailed information about the nature and purpose of the study, and were assured that the data would be used for academic purposes only. Participants were also assured that their responses would be kept anonymous and confidential. Participants were informed that there were no foreseeable risks associated with participating in the study and that they could discontinue their participation at any time without consequence. Participants confirmed that they voluntarily agreed to complete the survey by answering the questions in the online questionnaire during the period from July 2024 to September 2024.