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Article History

Received: 24 September 2024

Accepted: 23 May 2025

First Online: 10 June 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study does not require ethical approval as the data were obtained with permission from the relevant statistical office of the local educational bureau’s employment office in the research region. The data were collected solely for academic research purposes and do not contain any sensitive or private information about the students. Furthermore, the institution does not have an ethics review committee. According to Article 32 of the “Notice on Issuing the Ethical Review Measures for Life Science and Medical Research Involving Human Subjects” (State Council Document), the data used in this study are exempt from ethical review. The data were obtained through proper authorization and explicit permission from the relevant institution. This study did not involve any personal information or biological samples, and all data were fully anonymized. As stipulated by the regulations, the use of anonymized data for research purposes does not pose any harm to human subjects and does not involve sensitive personal data or commercial interests. This exemption helps reduce unnecessary burdens on researchers and facilitates the advancement of life science research. The study adheres to the “Helsinki Declaration” and relevant ethical research guidelines. Exemption approval was granted by the Local Educational Bureau Employment Office (Exemption Number: Guo Wei Ke Jiao Fa [2023] No. 4) on February 18, 2023. The exemption was granted due to the fact that the data were fully anonymized and do not involve any sensitive personal information or biological samples, which are exempt from ethical review. For further details, please refer to the URL: .

: Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection. Participants were informed about the purpose of the study, the voluntary nature of their participation, and their right to withdraw at any time without providing a reason. Consent was obtained in written form, and participants were assured that their responses would remain anonymous and confidential. The study did not disclose any personal or sensitive information about the respondents.