Document is current

Article History

Received: 23 October 2024

Accepted: 23 May 2025

First Online: 7 August 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: All procedures conducted in this study, which involved participants providing data through surveys, individual interviews, and focus group interviews, adhered to the ethical standards outlined in the Postgraduate Guidelines of Jimma University. The study was conducted in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and its subsequent amendments or comparable ethical standards. Approval for the questionnaire and methodology was granted by the College of Educational and Behavioral Science at Jimma University on 08/04/2024, under Ref. No. CEBS/RP-1464/16.

: Written informed consent was obtained by the researchers from schools and individuals, including teachers, department heads, principals, and PTSA members, during both quantitative and qualitative data collection (April 10–May 5, 2024). Participants were fully informed about the study’s purpose, participation scope, confidentiality measures, data usage, the absence of potential risks, expected benefits, and their right to withdraw at any time. As the study involved non-interventional research, anonymity was ensured through coded data, excluding identifiable details from the manuscript.