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Article History

Received: 16 October 2024

Accepted: 29 May 2025

First Online: 14 July 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study did not involve direct interaction with human participants or the collection of personally identifiable information. It was based solely on publicly available data from Iranian politicians' Twitter accounts. According to the ethical guidelines of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad and in compliance with national regulations, formal ethical approval was not required for this type of study. The research was conducted in accordance with the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and its subsequent revisions.

: Informed consent was not applicable to this study, as all data were obtained from publicly accessible social media content (Twitter), voluntarily posted by users in the public domain. No private or personally identifiable information was collected, and no direct interaction with individuals occurred.