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Article History

Received: 10 December 2024

Accepted: 29 May 2025

First Online: 16 June 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards laid down in the Declaration of Helsinki and Spanish data protection legislation (Ley Orgánica 3/2018). Our study was exempt from formal ethical approval. The exemption was granted following the ethical guidelines of our institution, the Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), which align with Spanish legislation (Ley Orgánica 3/2018) and the European GDPR (Reglament UE 2016/679). In accordance with these guidelines, studies based on fully anonymous, voluntary surveys involving adult participants and conducted through online platforms without the collection of sensitive or identifiable data are exempt from full ethical review. As the data collection in this study fulfilled these conditions, formal ethical approval was not required. The survey was conducted during first semester of the 2023–24 academic year, under the supervision of academic staff and in accordance with institutional ethics policy.

: Informed consent was obtained from all participants at the beginning of the survey, which took place during first semester of the 2023–24 academic year (from November to January). They were informed about the research purpose, data usage, and their right to withdraw at any time. No personally identifiable information was collected.