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Article History

Received: 30 December 2024

Accepted: 29 May 2025

First Online: 16 June 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: All procedures performed in this study adhered to the ethical standards outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and its subsequent amendments. Ethical approval was granted on July 1, 2021, by the Institution Review Board of Department of Urban Planning, College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tongji University. All research activities complied with applicable guidelines and regulations for studies involving human participants. The approved project was titled “Survey on Travelling Activities of Town and Village Residents in Lin’an District and Urban Residents in Hangzhou City.” The review documents included the Ethics Review Approval Form and Investigator’s Manual.

: During the first questionnaire survey conducted from 12 July to 20 July 2021, trained survey assistants distributed written informed consent forms to all respondents, which were signed by each participant on a voluntary basis. During the second online questionnaire survey conducted from 27 July to 31 July, 2021, the questionnaire was set up to inform participants of the research purpose, and that “submitting answers” was considered informed consent. The two surveys did not involve vulnerable groups or minors. All participants were assured that their anonymity and confidentiality would be strictly protected, and all data would be used solely for academic research purposes. All participants were fully informed about the research objectives, procedures, data usage, potential risks, and their rights. Participants could exit at any time during the questionnaire-filling process.