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Authors
Muhammad, Muhammad
Undzėnas, Domantas
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Article History
Received: 29 November 2024
Accepted: 29 May 2025
First Online: 30 June 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This article does not contain any studies with human participants performed by any of the authors. The study is based on publicly available European Social Survey data. The European Social Survey adheres to the Declaration on Professional Ethics of the International Statistical Institute and has established a Research Ethics Board to oversee ethical standards in its research activities. More information can be accessed on the website of the European Social Survey: .
: This article does not contain any studies with human participants performed by any of the authors. The study is based on publicly available European Social Survey data. The European Social Survey adheres to the Declaration on Professional Ethics of the International Statistical Institute and has established a Research Ethics Board to oversee ethical standards in its research activities. More information can be accessed on the website of the European Social Survey: .
