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Article History

Received: 27 January 2023

Accepted: 29 May 2025

First Online: 23 June 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and all relevant institutional guidelines and regulations. Ethical approval was obtained from the Guangxi University Medical Ethics Committee (Approval Number: GXU-20220731-001) on July 31, 2022. The approval covered all study procedures involving human participants, including study design, recruitment, informed consent, data collection, and data analysis. All research activities adhered to the Guangxi University Research Ethics Guidelines.

: Written informed consent was obtained from all individual participants prior to their involvement in the study in August 2022. Participants were fully informed about the purpose of the study, the nature and scope of data collection, and the intended dissemination of the research findings. They were assured that their confidentiality would be strictly maintained and that the data collected would be used solely for research purposes and not disclosed to any third parties. Participation was entirely voluntary, and all participants were informed of their right to withdraw from the study at any time without penalty. Participants were also assured that no physical or psychological harm would result from their participation.