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Article History

Received: 31 July 2024

Accepted: 29 May 2025

First Online: 10 June 2025

Competing interests

: The author declares no competing interests.

: This study involved a non-interventional social science survey that did not include any medical procedures, collection of biological samples, or personally identifiable sensitive information. Therefore, ethical approval was not required according to Article 32 of the Measures for the Ethical Review of Life Science and Medical Research Involving Humans (China, 2023), which allows exemption for research that does not involve human biological samples, medical interventions, or identifiable personal information. The exemption was confirmed in January 2023, prior to the commencement of data collection. The study was conducted in full accordance with the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki (as revised in 2023). All procedures were carried out with respect to participant rights, dignity, and privacy. Regulation citation: Measures for the Ethical Review of Life Science and Medical Research Involving Humans (2023), Article 32. Published by: National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China. URL: .

: Prior to participation, all respondents were provided with a clear explanation of the study’s purpose, procedures, and their rights as participants. Participants were informed that their involvement was entirely voluntary, that they could withdraw at any time without consequence, and that all responses would be kept anonymous and used solely for academic research purposes. Informed consent was obtained electronically in January 2023, prior to the start of data collection, through the online questionnaire platform. By submitting their completed questionnaires, participants confirmed their voluntary agreement to participate.