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Article History

Received: 15 August 2024

Accepted: 29 May 2025

First Online: 18 June 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Based on the laws of Vietnam and the regulations of the authors’ institution (University of Transport & Communications—UTC), a study of adults’ working conditions can be done without a need for an ethical approval because it is not related to a significant risk of harming human rights. The paper is an outcome of a research project that was evaluated and approved to be conducted by Department of Science and Technology under UTC on 15 January 2024. No modifications to the research protocol were made after the approval was obtained.

: Before starting the process of data collection, the objectives of the study were explained clearly to the respondents. They were ensured that their responses were only used for research purposes. To guarantee anonymity and confidentiality of participants, their names and their buses’ license plates were not gathered. Full written consent was obtained from the participants between 1 April and 21 April, 2024. The responses were coded before being entered the analysis process.