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Article History

Received: 19 August 2024

Accepted: 29 May 2025

First Online: 13 June 2025

Competing interests

: The author declares no competing interests.

: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments, meeting the criteria for exemption from formal ethical review under China’s Measures for the Ethical Review of Life Science and Medical Research Involving Humans (National Health Commission, 2023; ) as it involved only anonymous questionnaire data collection without sensitive content or human experimentation. Following institutional research governance standards, the protocol received approval from the Research Committee of Macao Polytechnic University (RP/FCHS-01/2023/E01) on November 30, 2023. The study design ensured participant protection through comprehensive anonymization measures that minimized risks of physical or psychological harm, privacy breaches, or commercial conflicts.

: This study employed the online survey platform for data collection. Before participation, all respondents received comprehensive information regarding the study’s objectives, their rights as research participants (including voluntary participation and the right to withdraw at any time without penalty), and the parameters of their informed consent. All participants acknowledged this information by selecting the consent option before gaining survey access. For Study 1, informed consent was obtained between November 30 and December 29, 2023. For Study 2, the informed consent process was conducted between November 29 and December 13, 2024. Rigorous confidentiality protocols were implemented throughout the study, including guarantees of complete anonymity, strict limitations on data usage for academic research purposes only, and explicit assurances that no participant information would be shared with third parties.