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Authors
Su, Edward Hung Cheng https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1687-2818
Chen, Chia Hsin https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8080-5241
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Article History
Received: 8 September 2024
Accepted: 29 May 2025
First Online: 22 July 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The study involved secondary analyses of the officially published PISA 2022 dataset; as such ethics review and approval and informed consent does not apply. This dataset was downloaded as a public use file from the OECD website.
: The study involved secondary analyses of the officially published PISA 2022 dataset; as such ethics review and approval and informed consent does not apply.
