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Article History

Received: 12 November 2024

Accepted: 30 May 2025

First Online: 1 July 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: All procedures involving human participants in this study complied with the ethical principles outlined by the institutional and national research committees, as well as the Declaration of Helsinki (1964) and its subsequent revisions or equivalent ethical guidelines. Ethical approval for this research was granted by the Ethics Committee of the College of State Governance at Southwest University, on February 6, 2024 (Approval No. ECCSG20240206).

: Following ethical approval on February 6, 2024, all participants provided informed consent prior to participation in this study. The informed consent process was conducted between February 7-15, 2024, through an online platform as part of the survey administration system. Potential participants were approached through official bank management channels after ethical clearance was obtained. Informed consent was obtained via an online cover letter that preceded each survey, presented in Chinese. The digital consent process clearly explained the longitudinal study design, including two waves of data collection (February 2024 for independent variables and August 2024 for dependent variables) with a six-month interval between waves. The online consent form comprehensively informed participants about the study’s purpose, voluntary nature, procedures for both data collection phases, confidentiality assurances (including the use of unique identifiers rather than personally identifiable information), and their right to withdraw at any time without penalty. Participants were required to provide explicit digital consent before accessing the survey questions. For the second wave in August 2024, participants were re-contacted with a reminder about the study’s purpose and confidentiality terms, and their continued participation served as ongoing consent for the second phase as originally disclosed in the initial consent process.

: Informed consent was obtained from all participants in this study. A detailed information sheet outlined study procedures, potential risks, and participants’ right to withdraw at any time. Written consent was obtained from each participant prior to their involvement.

: This article was proofread and edited for language clarity using AI-based language tools (ChatGPT by OpenAI), which were employed solely for grammar and style enhancement. No AI tools were used to generate scientific content, analyze data, or draw conclusions.