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Article History

Received: 2 December 2024

Accepted: 30 May 2025

First Online: 2 July 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study received approval from the Ethics Committee of Northeast University on March 1, 2024 (Approval ID: S-169/2024). Researchers followed international ethical standards, including the Nuremberg Code and the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki, ensuring the privacy and security of participant data. The research materials and procedures were independently reviewed and approved by the Dean for Research of the affiliated school, confirming their alignment with these ethical principles.

: Prior to data collection in September 2024, written informed consent was obtained from all participants. The first author facilitated this process, providing employees with clear information about the study’s objectives, procedures, and their rights, including the voluntary nature of participation and the right to withdraw at any time. Consent was secured through signed forms that confirmed participants’ understanding and agreement. Participants were assured that their anonymity and confidentiality would be strictly protected, with no personally identifiable information collected. The consent covered participation in the study, use of collected data for research purposes, and permission to publish aggregated research findings. All data were de-identified during the collection and processing stages, used solely for research analysis. Importantly, this study involved no interventions and therefore posed no risk to participants.