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Article History

Received: 3 February 2025

Accepted: 30 May 2025

First Online: 14 June 2025

Competing interests

: The author declares no competing interests.

: All procedures in the study are conducted by the ethical standards of the responsible human experiments committee and the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki, as revised in 2024. Additionally, the ethics committee’s approval, dated 7 November 2024 and numbered 2024/362, was received from the Düzce University Institute of Educational Sciences Research and Publication Ethics Committee for all data collection and study content.

: Informed consent was obtained from all participants at every stage of the study. In the quantitative phase, consent was collected from the students’ parents via a form between 9 November 2024 and 14 November 2024. In the qualitative phase, the interviews were audio recorded, and verbal consent was obtained from the teacher participants during the recording (e.g., “If you give your permission, I would like to record the interview on a voice recorder. May I mind?”). For the student participants in the qualitative phase, informed consent was obtained from their parents via a consent form on 20 November 2024.