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Article History

Received: 7 November 2024

Accepted: 2 June 2025

First Online: 10 June 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and its subsequent amendments. Approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of the General Courses Department, School of Medicine at Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences (Date: 22 June 2022 /No. P/17/1/33541).

: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants at the beginning of the semester (25–28 September 2022), prior to the commencement of the study. Participants were informed of the study’s purpose, assured of confidentiality and anonymity, and made aware that participation was voluntary.

: During the revisions of this manuscript, ChatGPT was used solely to enhance the clarity and grammar of some parts of the text. The authors affirm that the tool was not utilized in any aspect of the research methodology or data analysis.