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Authors
Poddar, Prashant
Rotondi, Valentina
Kashyap, Ridhi
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-045370)
Leverhulme Trust (Grant RC-2018-003)
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Article History
Received: 13 November 2024
Accepted: 5 June 2025
First Online: 4 July 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This article uses anonymized secondary survey data from the Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) and India Human Development Survey (IHDS) for its analysis. Since the study did not involve any direct interaction with human participants, no formal ethical approval was required. All the research was conducted in accordance with ethical principles outlined in national and institutional guidelines and the Declaration of Helsinki.
: As the study uses anonymized secondary survey data from the Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) and India Human Development Survey (IHDS), obtaining informed consent from individual respondents was not applicable. However, during the original data collection by ASER and IHDS, all the participants were fully informed about their anonymity, and informed consent was obtained.
