Document is current
Any future updates will be listed below
-
Authors
Flores, Alexandra https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0599-7239
Burgess, Matthew G. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3750-4347
Caballero, Mariah D.
Carrico, Amanda R. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8571-8238
Miller, Jane E.
Suarez, Christian
Vandenbergh, Michael P. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1629-7086
- License Information
-
More Information
Article History
Received: 22 July 2024
Accepted: 5 June 2025
First Online: 28 July 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This project was granted approval by the Institutional Review Boards at Vanderbilt University, IRB #230886, on June 6, 2023, and the University of Colorado Boulder, Protocol 23-0177, on May 19, 2023, for waves 1–4 of data collection. IRB approval was obtained from both Vanderbilt University and the University of Colorado because, at the time of data collection for Waves 1-4, the University of Colorado required separate IRB approval from all collaborating institutions. Wave 5 data collection was granted approval from the University of Wyoming, IRB-2025-41, on February 28, 2025. Renewed IRB approval was obtained for Wave 5 because the research team ran this wave through the University of Wyoming, where M.G.B. received both funding and IRB approval for new data collection. The project was carried out in accordance with the approved procedures and in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Informed consent was obtained electronically from all participants at the time when they were invited to complete the study, using the online survey software that administered the study. Participants could complete this study from a location of their choosing. Participants were informed about the objectives and procedures of the study, that their data may be used in academic publications, and how their rights were going to be protected, after which they gave consent by completing an online tick-box that ensured their anonymity. Informed consent for Wave 1 was obtained between August 4, 2023 and August 21, 2023; consent for Wave 2 was obtained between November 22, 2023, and December 15, 2023; consent for Wave 3 was obtained between May 1, 2024, and May 14, 2024; consent for Wave 4 was obtained between July 10, 2024, and July 17, 2024; and consent for Wave 5 was obtained between March 4, 2025, and March 12, 2025. Participation in the research was voluntary and anonymous.
