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Article History

Received: 28 November 2024

Accepted: 9 June 2025

First Online: 20 June 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The name of the approval body is Meiji University. This study is conducted in accordance with the "Declaration of Helsinki" and the "Ethical Guidelines for Medical and Biological Research Involving Human Subjects" (Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan). At Meiji University, ethical review is not required for research that does not target data on a part of the human body, such as blood or cells, or information on an individual's sensitive thoughts or mental and physical conditions. There is no exemption number. The date of exemption is August 30, 2024, and the scope of approval is the conduct of this study and the writing of a research paper using its data. There is no other supporting information. Currently, Meiji University does not disclose its ethical review regulations to the public, so there is no link to the above system.

: We explained the ethical considerations (i.e. this survey will not collect any sensitive personal information, such as blood or cell data, medical history, criminal history, or sensitive items, and the survey data will limit the use of statistical analysis and academic research) and obtained informed consent from the participants via the online survey screen. Therefore, the duration for which informed consent was obtained is the same as that of the survey: September 9 to September 27, 2024. That is, we fully explain to all participants that anonymity will be guaranteed, and that there is no particular risk to them because no personally identifiable or sensitive data will be involved. Vulnerable individuals (e.g. patients, refugees, etc) or minors were not included in this study.