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Article History

Received: 26 February 2024

Accepted: 9 June 2025

First Online: 18 June 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. A committee review board of School of Educational Sciences of Chongqing Normal University approved this study on July 15 in 2021. An approval code was assigned as ECE-CQNU-2021071503 for this study. The scope of the approval included the purpose and content of this study, the investigating procedure and participants.

: In the instructions of the questionnaire for this study, while collecting data from July 21 to November 10 in 2021, we have explicitly informed all participants that: (1) The survey is anonymous, ensuring the confidentiality of each participant; (2) The purpose and value of this research; (3) The collected data will be used solely for research purposes and analyzed at an aggregate level, without individual analysis of any participant’s data; (4) Participation in this questionnaire survey is voluntary, and respondents may withdraw their consent at any time.