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Article History

Received: 5 April 2024

Accepted: 9 June 2025

First Online: 28 October 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The Department of Business Studies, College of Distance Education, granted the ethical clearance to the first author of this paper with reference number SB/DHR/20/0046 on behalf of the Institutional Review Board of the University of Cape Coast, Ghana. The ethical approval confirmed that this research was performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines/regulations applicable when human participants are involved. The ethical clearance was granted on 20 th June, 2022.

: This study made use of the Google Form version of the questionnaire that was administered to respondents. Respondents owned their handsets or mobile phones and had the freedom to decide to participate in the study. Thus, all respondents who took part in this study read the purpose of the study and voluntarily consented to participate in this study. Additionally, the questionnaire had its first statement to be an informed consent statement, where respondents were to tick their agreement to participate in this study before they could progress with answering the remaining items on the questionnaire. All participants were fully informed or assured of their anonymity in participating in this study, and the purpose of the research was made known to them, as well as how their data would be utilised, and any risks associated with participating in this study. Participants' informed consent was granted on 27 th July, 2022, and it includes consent to publish the results obtained from the participants.