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Authors
Su, Hang
Duan, Lingjing
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Article History
Received: 24 April 2024
Accepted: 9 June 2025
First Online: 21 June 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The data employed in this study were obtained from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS). The CFPS dataset is a secondary dataset, so ethical approval was obtained by the CFPS project team, not by the authors of this paper. The CFPS project and its data collection procedures were granted ethical approval by the Institutional Review Board of Peking University (IRB PU). The ethical approval number is IRB00001052-14010.
: The informed consent of CPFS project can be found here: .
