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Article History

Received: 26 May 2024

Accepted: 9 June 2025

First Online: 4 July 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The study was approved by the Ethical Committee of Fujian Normal University (Ethics approval number: 20210310) on March 10, 2021. All procedures involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

: The study was conducted on May 4, 2023, with informed consent was obtained from all participants involved in the study. Prior to the start of the survey, participants were required to read and confirm their consent before participating in the study. Participants were clearly informed that their involvement was entirely voluntary, and they were free to withdraw from the study at any time without any negative consequences. The scope of the consent included agreement to participate in the study, the use of collected data for academic and research purposes, and consent to publish the results in an anonymized form. All data were handled confidentially and used strictly within the limits outlined in the consent documentation.