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Article History

Received: 4 December 2024

Accepted: 9 June 2025

First Online: 1 July 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: As the authors are not native speakers of English, Google Gemini was employed to assist with proofreading and grammar (accessed 4th Nov 2024; 17th April 2025). The authors carefully reviewed all suggested edits and take full responsibility for the accuracy and integrity of the content presented.

: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical guidelines of the University of Jordan. The Ethics Committee at the Department of English Language and Literature at The University of Jordan convened on November 29, 2024, and agreed to the study’s protocol. Official ethical approval was granted on December 30, 2024, with reference number (1/30/12/2024), following standard bureaucratic procedures.

: Prior to the issuance of the official ethical approval document, informed consent was obtained from all participants on November 30, 2024, through a written format. This process was undertaken with the understanding that the Ethics Committee had already convened on November 29, 2024, and indicated their agreement to the study’s protocol. Participants included students at the University of Jordan and Mohammed Bin Zayed University for Humanities, as well as conveniently sampled participants from Jordanian and Emirati backgrounds. The informed consent document was presented to participants in written format to ensure clarity and understanding. Each participant was given the opportunity to ask questions and receive comprehensive answers before providing their signature to signify informed consent. A copy of the signed informed consent form is available in the appendix for reference and verification.