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Authors
Dong, Shiju
Yu, Zexuan
Zhang, Siqian
Li, Jiajia
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Article History
Received: 2 May 2024
Accepted: 10 June 2025
First Online: 1 July 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study used open data. Our institute does not require ethical approval for this type of study. The CHARLS survey was approved by the Ethical Review Committee of Peking University (IRB00001052-11015).
: In the data collection of the CHARLS (China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study) survey, all participants signed the informed consent at the time of participation.
