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Article History

Received: 4 June 2024

Accepted: 10 June 2025

First Online: 21 June 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The study was approved by the National Cheng Kung University Human Ethics Committee (NCKU HREC) on September 6, 2021 (Approval No. NCKU HREC-110-217-2). All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The scope of approval covered the recruitment of professional and student translators, collection of keystroke logging data, and analysis of translation processes.

: Written informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. The consent was obtained by the principal investigator prior to data collection in March 2022. All participants were fully informed that their anonymity would be assured, that the research aimed to investigate metacognitive strategies in translation processes, and that their keystroke logging data would be used for academic research purposes only. They were also informed that participation was voluntary and they could withdraw at any time without consequences. The scope of consent covered participation in the translation task, collection and analysis of keystroke logging data, and the use of anonymized data in academic publications.