Updates are available Correction dated 2025-08-13
Click to view Correction: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-025-05660-8
-
Authors
- License Information
-
More Information
Article History
Received: 26 August 2024
Accepted: 10 June 2025
First Online: 1 July 2025
Ethical approval
: This study involving human participants was conducted in accordance with an approved research protocol (Protocol number: ECSM72071052) granted by the Ethics Committee of the School of Management, Guangzhou University, on 13 July 2020. The protocol encompasses a series of related studies under a broader research program led by the first author, with the present study constituting one such component. All procedures involving human participants were conducted in accordance with institutional and/or national ethical standards, as well as the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection in this four-phase study. Specifically, interview participants received printed consent forms from the first author on October 7, 2021. In Phase 2 and Phase 3, survey participants received printed consent forms from two independent survey teams under the supervision of the first author, on May 3 and December 14, 2022, respectively. In Phase 4, participants received digital consent forms via the online survey platform Credamo (comparable to Prolific and commonly used in China), which we commissioned to conduct a two-wave survey starting on December 20, 2024. All participants were fully informed of the first author’s identity, as well as the study’s purpose, scope, methods, and possible risks. They were assured of anonymity and confidentiality, and were informed that their responses would be used only in aggregated form for academic publications and presentations. Participants also retained the right to withdraw from the study at any time, in which case their data securely destroyed upon request.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The authors employed AI-assisted tools (e.g., ChatGPT, DeepSeek) for limited language polishing. All content was critically reviewed and finalized by the authors collectively.
