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Article History

Received: 3 January 2025

Accepted: 10 June 2025

First Online: 27 June 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: All procedures in this study were conducted in strict compliance with the ethical guidelines outlined by the Ethics Committee of Nanjing Normal University (Approval No. NNU202310027). Ethical approval was granted in October 2023. The approved scope covered all planned data collection, analysis, and publication activities involving human participants. All procedures were performed in accordance with relevant guidelines from the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection in November 2023. The consent was obtained directly by the research team from adult participants, and it covered participation in the study, use of data for research purposes, and permission for publication of anonymized data. All participants were fully informed about the purpose of the research, the voluntary nature of their participation, and the measures to ensure anonymity and confidentiality.