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Article History

Received: 11 November 2024

Accepted: 10 June 2025

First Online: 17 July 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: All research procedures undertaken in this study adhered to the ethical standards of the institutional ethics committee and were consistent with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its subsequent amendments, as well as comparable international ethical guidelines. The study was formally approved by the Institutional Review Board of Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Psychology and Behavior (Approval No.: 20230208001) on 8 February 2023.

: For minor participants in this study, oral consent was obtained directly by the researcher after a clear explanation of the study’s purpose, procedures, and their role. This approach was adopted due to the participants’ minor status, ensuring they could understand and express willingness in an age-appropriate manner. The researcher documented oral consent details, including specific dates from December 1 to 31, 2023, and key content in a standardized record using a pre-approved script to ensure consistency. Concurrently, signed informed consent was obtained from all parents, who received comprehensive information about the study’s scope, data usage, and consent for anonymized data publication. Parental consent forms were signed between December 1 and 31, 2023, fulfilling all regulatory requirements for informed consent. Both oral and written consent processes were completed within the same timeframe to maintain procedural rigor, with dates clearly recorded to ensure traceability and compliance.