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Article History

Received: 1 October 2024

Accepted: 10 June 2025

First Online: 5 July 2025

Ethical approval

: The ethical approval was obtained from the authors’ institutional ethics committee, the Research Ethics Committee of Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM/JKEP/2020-86) on April 16, 2020. The scope of the ethical approval included, type of research project, research field, research clusters, levels of research (either at university, national, or international levels), research areas, expected output, research objectives, conceptual framework, research methodology, procedures, informed consent, and the names and background of investigators. The procedures used in this study adhere to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki and the Research Ethics Committee of Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia.

: Participants were assured both, through the study’s briefing by the research assistant and in writing, concerning clear and detailed information about the study’s objectives, procedures, participants’ rights, and the voluntary nature of participation, including the right to withdraw from the study at any time without consequences, and that their anonymity and confidentiality would be strictly protected with no personally identifiable information being collected. On June 12, 2024, each participant gave their written consent and confirmation to participate in the study by placing their written signature and contact number (in case the participants’ writings about the madrasa were unclear). Specifically, the scope of the written informed consent form recorded participants’ understandings about the study, participants’ acknowledgments of the research assistant’s explanation during the said briefing by the research assistant, particularly in terms of the purpose of the study, the set-up of the study, participants’ understandings and acknowledgments of the research assistants’ supply of adequate information about the study concerning protection of personal information, the use of collected data solely for research purposes, permission to publish anonymised findings, participants’ understandings and acknowledgments about participants’ rights to know about the study information from the research assistant, participants’ understandings and acknowledgments that they were informed of their rights to withdraw from the study at any time without facing consequences, and finally, participants’ agreement to participate in the study. The informed consent form was done as specified and approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia.

: The authors declare no competing interests.