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Article History

Received: 9 January 2025

Accepted: 12 June 2025

First Online: 15 July 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study’s protocol was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Foreign Languages Department at Zhejiang Gongshang University (Approval No: [ZJGSU-2021-12-20]; Date of Approval: December 20, 2021). The scope of the approval covered all experimental procedures involving human participants as described in the study protocol. All research was performed in accordance with the ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments.

: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their inclusion in the study. The experimental sessions were conducted between June 2022 and June 2023. Before each session, the researcher provided an information sheet and verbally explained all relevant aspects of the study. This process ensured participants were fully informed about: (a) the purpose and procedures of the experiment; (b) the voluntary nature of their participation and their right to withdraw at any time without penalty; (c) the confidential handling of their data and assurance of anonymity; (d) any foreseeable risks, which were deemed minimal and not exceeding those of everyday life; and (e) the potential for anonymized data to be used in academic publications. The scope of the written consent explicitly covered participation, data use for analysis, and consent to publish. All participants were over the age of 18.