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Article History

Received: 28 April 2024

Accepted: 12 June 2025

First Online: 19 July 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was approved by the Universiti Malaya Research Ethics Committee (UMREC). The ethics approval reference number is [UM. TNC2/UMREC_3048], and the approval was granted on 12 December 2023. The approval covered all aspects of the study, including participant recruitment, informed consent procedures, data collection, and data management.

: Informed consent was obtained in writing from all participants prior to their involvement in the study. The first author personally oversaw the consent process, which commenced on 10 February and continued through 30 April 2024, aligning with the entire participant recruitment period to ensure ethical engagement and informed participation. Participants were provided with a detailed information sheet outlining the purpose of the study, procedures involved, assurances of anonymity and confidentiality, data usage, and their right to withdraw at any time without penalty. No risks to participants were anticipated or identified.