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Authors
Kim, Yonghwan
Jang, Seckjun https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8635-916X
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Article History
Received: 5 May 2024
Accepted: 12 June 2025
First Online: 2 August 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This research activities were performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. The questionnaire and methodology for study 1 was approved by the Human Research Ethics committee of the University of Alabama Institutional Review Board (IRB# 12-OR-408). Approval was formally granted on December 19, 2012. Due to the time-sensitive nature of electoral data collection, data collection was initiated while the study was under review by the Institutional Review Board. Ethical approval was subsequently granted with no required modifications to the original protocol, including survey instruments and participant information sheets. No data were accessed, processed, or analysed for research purposes prior to receiving formal approval from the Ethics committee of the University of Alabama Institutional Review Board. And the questionnaire and methodology for study 2 was approved on November 20, 2015 by the Human Research Ethics committee of the University of Alabama Institutional Review Board. The approval number associated with this confimation is IRB# 15-OR-366. All research activities were perfomed in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Informed consent for both Study 1 and Study 2 was obtained from all participants prior to data collection via an online consent form. All participants were provided with an information explaining the purpose, procedures, voluntary nature of participation, data confidentiality, and their right to withdraw at any time without penalty. Before accessing the questionnaire, participants were required to read an information sheet and confirm their agreement by selecting a checkbox on the online consent form. Informed consent for Study 1 was obtained from December 11 to December 18, 2012. For Study 2, informed consent was obtained between September 27 and October 13, 2016 (Wave 1), and between October 27 and November 8, 2016 (Wave 2).
