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Article History

Received: 30 July 2024

Accepted: 12 June 2025

First Online: 24 November 2025

Competing interests

: The author declares no competing interests.

: The study used de-identified and restricted data from the NCES and this research was exempted from the Institutional Review Board review since it involves minimal risk to participants. The University of Arkansas Institutional Review Board (IRB) approved the current study’s use of this de-identified data. (IRB no: 2405537952) on August 1, 2022.

: NCES collected the data under their own institutional review board (IRB) approved protocols, which included obtaining appropriate consent from participants at the time of initial data collection. Unfortunately, since this research is a secondary analysis using the NCES de-identifiable longitudinal data, the NCES does not provide any informed consent for public secondary analyses. All the details about the protection of the participant, privacy and confidentiality of the NCES data can be found here .