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Article History

Received: 7 December 2024

Accepted: 12 June 2025

First Online: 1 July 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study received ethical approval from the Human Research Ethics Committee of Science and Technology College, Gannan Normal University, in accordance with institutional policy on minimal risk research involving adult participants. The approval was made on 17 December 2023, under the reference ID 202312765. All research involving human participants was conducted in accordance with the relevant institutional guidelines and the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their involvement in the study. Consent was collected between 11 January 2024 to 5 February 2024, using a standardized consent form distributed via email. Participants were required to read the information sheet outlining the study’s purpose, procedures, and their rights, and then return the signed form electronically before any interview took place. Consent was obtained directly from each participant, with no third-party or proxy consent involved. The scope of the consent covered voluntary participation in a research interview; audio recording of the interview for transcription and analysis; use of anonymized data for research, publication, and academic dissemination; and permission to include de-identified quotations in publications or presentations. Participants were assured that their identities would remain confidential and that they had the right to withdraw from the study at any time without providing a reason and without penalty.