Document is current

Article History

Received: 15 August 2024

Accepted: 17 June 2025

First Online: 14 July 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University (Date: 11 January 2024 / No. 0010000060920231210080448).

: The questionnaire was administered online using the Qualtrics platform. On the first page, participants were presented with a written informed consent statement that clearly explained the study’s purpose, procedures, ethical approval, data handling, and their rights. It was explicitly stated that participation was voluntary, that responses would remain fully anonymous, and that the data would be used solely for academic research purposes. The statement also clarified that there were no foreseeable risks to participants, and that no personal or identifiable information would be collected or published. The researcher’s contact details were provided for any inquiries. Proceeding with the questionnaire was taken as an indication of informed consent. Data were collected between 31 January and 30 April 2024.