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Article History

Received: 1 August 2024

Accepted: 17 June 2025

First Online: 16 July 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests but would like to mention the following for transparency: Two of the authors were in touch with Animal Rising a month before the Grand National protest and received information that a major animal rights protest was planned for mid-April, allowing Social Change Lab to prepare the survey instrument and set up data collection. None of the authors were involved in (or advised on the plans for) the Grand National protest and communications only served the academic purpose of having sufficient information to carry out the research well.

: All research was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards set out in the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was not required for this study, as it involved secondary analysis of fully anonymized, publicly available data originally collected by the non-profit Social Change Lab for reports published in 2023 and 2024 (see this OSF repository).

: Before beginning the surveys, all participants were informed what the survey entailed, that their data would remain anonymous, and gave digital consent to participate in the study and for the data to be used for research and publications.