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Article History

Received: 5 August 2024

Accepted: 17 June 2025

First Online: 3 July 2025

Competing interests

: Authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was approved by the Research Ethics Review Committee of Far Eastern Memorial Hospital on September 13, 2021. The approval number associated with this confirmation is 110192-1. All research activities were performed in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants by trained research personnel at the time of enrollment, which took place between January 2022 and September 2023. The consent process was conducted in person and included a comprehensive verbal explanation of the study’s aims, procedures, potential risks and benefits, and participants’ rights, including the right to withdraw at any time without penalty. Given that the participant pool included older adults diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment, the procedure was carefully adapted to ensure comprehension and voluntariness. Trained staff used simplified, age-appropriate language and verified participants’ understanding through structured comprehension checks prior to obtaining consent. When necessary, caregivers were present to support the decision-making process; however, all participants were deemed capable of providing consent independently. Participants were informed that their data would be anonymized and used exclusively for academic research purposes. The consent covered study participation, use of collected data for analysis, and publication of anonymized results. All participants signed a standardized written consent form voluntarily before any study-related procedures were initiated.