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Article History

Received: 21 December 2023

Accepted: 18 June 2025

First Online: 12 July 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The present study is part of a broader research project that received approval from the Ethics Committee of the Department of Psychology at the University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli” on October 27, 2015 (protocol number 29). Subsequently, the research protocol was resubmitted to the Ethics Committee due to the inclusion of new measures that were not part of the original study. This revised protocol was approved on July 23, 2024 (protocol number 46).

: Written informed consent was obtained from the participants’ legal guardians. Legal guardians were provided with clear information about the study’s objectives, procedures, and participants’ rights, highlighting the study's anonymous and voluntary nature, as well as the right to withdraw at any time without penalty. The consent covered participation in the study, the use of collected data for research purposes, and permission to publish the findings. Written informed consent from participants’ legal guardians was collected between the end of February and the beginning of March 2023. Only minors whose legal guardians signed the informed consent were involved in data collection. Participants' oral consent was obtained before data collection to ensure their participation in the study. They were assured that their anonymity and confidentiality would be strictly protected, no personally identifiable information would be collected, and they could withdraw the online survey at any time.