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Article History

Received: 25 March 2024

Accepted: 18 June 2025

First Online: 17 July 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Approval to conduct the study was obtained from the General Directorate of Education in Hail, Saudi Arabia (Approval Number: 4300359755), granted on October 25, 2021. All research procedures were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the approving authority and with the Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments.

: All participants provided informed consent before completing the online survey. The consent process was integrated into the online survey, which was administered between November and December 2021. Participants were fully informed about the purpose of the research, the voluntary nature of their participation, and their right to withdraw at any time without consequence. They were also assured that all data would remain confidential and anonymous, and that they could contact the research team with any questions or concerns throughout the study.