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Article History

Received: 16 July 2024

Accepted: 18 June 2025

First Online: 8 July 2025

Competing interests

: The author declares no competing interests.

: Ethical approval was not required for this study in accordance with Article 39 of China’s Ethical Review Measures for Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects (Ministry of Health, 2016), which exempts research involving minimal-risk anonymous surveys that collect only non-identifiable, aggregated data. This study employed fully anonymized questionnaires to gather aggregated preference data on literary translations, with no collection of personally identifiable information or individual-level data analysis.

: All participants were informed through written instructions at the beginning of the questionnaire (conducted from December 1 to 30, 2024) about the anonymous and voluntary nature of this study. This survey component was added during the revision process to address specific reviewer suggestions, complementing the original corpus-based analysis. By proceeding to complete and submit the survey, participants confirmed their consent to participate.