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Article History

Received: 24 July 2024

Accepted: 18 June 2025

First Online: 4 July 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: All procedures performed in this study involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. This study was approved by the Ethical Committee of the Changzhou Vocational Institute of Textile and Garment, Changzhou, China (No. CZTGI-JY20230201; Approved data: February 1, 2023).

: All participants provided informed consent to participate in the study. Information regarding the study (including the project name, purpose, procedure, and assurance of confidentiality of personal information) was presented via an online survey form. During the experiment, only limited demographic information (age, gender, education, and nationality) was collected and no identifiable personal information was obtained. Anonymity was granted. Prior to the experiment, participants indicated their agreement with the informed consent statement by selecting the “Accept” option; otherwise, they were automatically exited out from the experiment (the consent forms for Study 1 Stimuli Pretest were collrect during July, 2023; those for Main Study 1 were done from July 2024 and April 2025; those for Main Study 2 were collectred from May 2023; those for Main Study 3 were collected from April 2025).