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Hsieh, Pei-Hsun https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1147-8208
Kline, Reuben https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1874-4975
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Article History
Received: 17 October 2024
Accepted: 18 June 2025
First Online: 4 July 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The methodology of the study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Stony Brook University on September 20, 2020 (IRB ID: IRB2020-00538).
: The experiments were conducted from October 18 to October 25, 2021, for the MTurk sample, and from January 24 to January 28, 2022, for the student sample. Informed consent was obtained electronically from all participants prior to their participation, in accordance with IRB approval and compliance. Before the study began, participants were shown a consent form on screen outlining the purpose of the study, procedures, potential risks and discomforts, benefits, confidentiality, costs, and participants’ rights. To proceed, they had to click “Accept. I would like to participate”; those who clicked “Reject. No, I do not want to participate” exited the study.
