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Article History

Received: 24 February 2025

Accepted: 19 June 2025

First Online: 1 July 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Nanchang University (approval number: NCUYG202401; date of approval: January 5, 2025) and was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant ethical guidelines. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants after explaining the study’s purpose, procedures, and potential risks. All personal data collected was anonymized and kept strictly confidential, and was used solely for academic research without causing any adverse impact on the participants.

: Informed consent was obtained from all participants and/or their legal guardians. Consent was secured between 12 January 2025 and 6 February 2025, before any data were collected. Each prospective participant (and, where applicable, their legal guardian) received a written information sheet outlining the study’s purpose, procedures, potential risks and benefits, confidentiality safeguards, and the voluntary nature of participation. After an opportunity to ask questions, respondents signed a paper consent form in the presence of a trained research assistant. The consent covered (i) participation in the study, (ii) the use of de-identified data for academic research, and (iii) the publication of anonymised results. Participants were assured that their responses would remain confidential and be reported only in aggregate form.